Alessa Berretini
Production Department, School of Engineering, UNESP São Paulo State University, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil.

José Alcides Gobbo Junior
Production Department, School of Engineering, UNESP São Paulo State University, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil.

DOI https://doi.org/10.33889/IJMEMS.2025.10.6.084

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Abstract

The rapid advancement of Industry 4.0 has positioned Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) as key enablers of intelligent and autonomous manufacturing. While automation and autonomy are widely discussed, the concept of autonomicity—the system’s ability to self-manage, adapt, and make decisions independently—remains theoretically underdeveloped and lacks a structured framework for assessment. This study addresses this gap by defining the concept of autonomicity in CPS and proposing a five-level evaluation scale. A theory development approach was adopted, supported by a systematic literature review and a bibliometric analysis conducted using the Scopus database and VOSviewer software. The resulting scale classifies CPS autonomicity from total human dependence to full self-management, incorporating criteria such as AI capabilities, self-learning, fault tolerance, and autonomous decision-making. The findings contribute to both theory and practice by refining the conceptual understanding of CPS autonomicity and offering a structured tool for its assessment. This work provides a foundation for future empirical research and supports strategic planning in autonomous industrial environments.

Keywords- Industry 4.0, Cyber-physical systems, Autonomicity, Automation levels, Internet of things (IoT).

Citation

Berretini, A., & Junior, J. A. G (2025). Autonomicity in Cyber-Physical Systems: Proposing a Theoretical Concept and a Scale Divided into Levels of Automation. International Journal of Mathematical, Engineering and Management Sciences, 10(6), 1787-1823. https://doi.org/10.33889/IJMEMS.2025.10.6.084.